The author implies the bloody ravages of Islam coming out of Arabia was the action of 'bad' people after the death of Mohammad. The main rival of Urartu was the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The history of Armenia and Armenians is very ancient and can go back at least 2000 BC. [92], Between the 4th and 19th centuries, the traditional area of Armenia was conquered and ruled by Persians, Byzantines, Arabs, Mongols, and Turks, among others. Kocharyan himself negotiated with terrorists to lease the MP hostages. The territory was governed by the Prince of Armenia and was acknowledged by the Byzantine Emperor and the Caliph. [82] As a result of which an estimated 57,000 Armenian refugees from Persia returned to the territory of the Erivan Khanate after 1828, while about 35,000 Muslims (Persians, Turkic groups, Kurds, Lezgis, etc.) History of Armenia from ancient times to modern days. "[6], The Iron Age kingdom of Urartu (Assyrian for Ararat) was replaced by the Orontid dynasty. [66] So ended Christian leadership of Armenia for the next millennium with the exception of a period of the late 12th-early 13th centuries, when the Muslim power in Greater Armenia was seriously troubled by the resurgent Kingdom of Georgia. [46] Western Armenia quickly became a province of the Roman Empire under the name of Armenia Minor; Eastern Armenia remained a kingdom within Persia until 428, when the local nobility overthrew the king, and the Sassanids installed a governor in his place. The original Armenian name for the country was Hayk, later Hayastan (Armenian: Հայաստան), translated as 'the land of Hayk', derrived from Hayk and the Persian suffix '-stan' ("land"). In 301, Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion,[48] amidst the long-lasting geo-political rivalry over the region. Further southeast, in Van, the Armenians resisted the Turkish army until April 1918, but eventually were forced to evacuate it and withdraw to Persia. Artashesian and Zarehian Kingdoms of Armenia Decline and fall of Seleucid Empire. As a Roman province Armenia was administered by Catilius Severus of the Gens Claudia. The new province reached the shores of the Caspian Sea and bordered to the north with Caucasian Iberia and Caucasian Albania, two vassal states of Rome. This alliance proved disastrous for the Armenians. These include the Greeks, Romans, Assyrians, Arabs, Persians, the Ottoman Empire, and the Turkish Emipire. Between 1200 and 800 BC, much of Armenia was united under a confederation of tribes, which Assyrian sources called Nairi ("Land of Rivers" in Assyrian"). 1 talking about this. His successor, Hadrian, reinstalled the Arsacid Dynasty when he nominated Parthamaspates as "vassal" king of Armenia in 118 AD. The land given to Turkey included the ancient city of Ani and Mount Ararat, the spiritual Armenian homeland. The Transcaucasian SFSR was dissolved in 1936 and as a result Armenia became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union as the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. [53], In 405–06, Armenia's political future seemed uncertain. However, later Sultans, such as Abdul Hamid II stopped the reforms and carried out massacres, now known as the Hamidian massacres of 1895–96 leading to a failed Armenian attempt to assassinate him. No doubt the Armenians aided in some of the other crusades. [76][77] Karabakh was also ceded to Russia by Persia. (During, Seven Songs About Armenia (Yot yerg Hayastani masin) – doc. Sohaemus, a Roman citizen of Armenian heritage, was installed as the new client king.[45]. The history of Armenia covers the topics related to the history of the Republic of Armenia, as well as the Armenian people, the Armenian language, and the regions historically and geographically considered Armenian. [105] In early 1998, Kocharyan rejected the 1997 OSCE Minsk Group peace plan and initiated a new phase of Nagorno-Karabakh negotiations, where Heydar Aliyev and Kocharyan negotiated secret from their publics and senior officials. Representatives from across Christendom and a number of Muslim states attended the coronation, thus highlighting the important stature that Cilicia had gained over time. However, this war ended even more disastrously, as the Russians not only occupied as far as Tabriz, the ensuing treaty that followed, namely the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828, forced it to irrevocably cede its last remaining territories in the Caucasus, comprising all of modern-day Armenia, Nakhchivan and Igdir. Director Grigoriy Melik-Avagyan 1972, Armenian Eyes (Haykakan achker), (documentary).1980 Ruben Gevorgyants, The Manuscript of independence (Matyan Ankakhutyan) This film is dedicated to the 10th Anniversary of independence of Armenia. The 11th Red Army began its virtually unopposed advance into Armenia on 29 November 1920 at Ijevan. The actual transfer of power took place on 2 December 1920 in Yerevan. It eventually confronted the Roman Republic in wars, which it lost in 66 BC, but nonetheless preserved its sovereignty. [100], As the terms of defeat were being negotiated, Bolshevik Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze invaded from Azerbaijan the First Republic of Armenia in order to establish a new pro-Bolshevik government in the country. Emperor Heraclius (610–641) was of Armenian descent, as was Emperor Philippikos Bardanes (711–713). [3][4] Yerevan, the modern capital of Armenia, dates back to the 8th century BC, with the founding of the fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC by King Argishti I at the western extreme of the Ararat plain. In 1921, the Bolsheviks and the Turks signed the Treaty of Kars, in which Turkey ceded Adjara to the USSR in exchange for the Kars territory (today the Turkish provinces of Kars, Surmalu, and Ardahan). However, widespread recognition did not occur until the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991. 2,700 BC, tell us the story of the Great Flood and the rebirth of Life [the Tree of Life or the Garden [Partez - Paradise - the main motif in th… Thus it can hardly be said that Augustus settled the eastern frontier. This situation divided the kingdom's inhabitants between pro-Catholic and pro-Apostolic camps. The Azeris had close ethnic and religious ties to the Turks and had provided material support for them in their drive to Baku in 1918. The event also imparts a polysemic lesson describing an embattled community attempting to defend its autonomy, culture, fatherland, language, religion, history, and existence. [49] The Armenian Apostolic Church is a part of the Oriental Orthodox communion, not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox communion. In the conquered territories Abbas established the Erivan Khanate, a Muslim principality under the dominion of the Safavid Empire. He accused Kocharyan's government of massive corruption, involving the theft of "at least three to four billion dollars" over the previous five years. Arab Caliphates, Byzantium and Bagratid Armenia, The Armenian Genocide (1915–1921) and First World War, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922–1991). His son, Ishpuinis, extended the borders of the state by conquering what would later be known as the Tigranocerta area and by reaching Urmia. In the end, the Republic had to evacuate Erzurum as well. Under heavy pressure from the combined forces of the Ottoman army and the Kurdish irregulars, the Republic was forced to withdraw from Erzincan to Erzurum. The Turkish Revolutionaries, led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, began the Turkish National Movement which, in opposing any territorial concessions to either the Greeks or the Armenians, moved forward with their plans to crush the Armenian republic. Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) sent several delegations to Moscow in an attempt to win some support for his own post-Ottoman movement in what he saw as a modernised ethno-nationalist Turkey. The Moscow government did not intend to respect Transcaucasian independence for long. In the fall of that year, Aliyev and Kocharyan informed the Minsk Group Co-Chairs of their plan and asked them to put it in writing. During times of crisis the ones in the remote regions of mountainous eastern Anatolia were mistreated by local Kurdish chiefs and feudal lords. "Peter Semneby: EU tries to create trust between Karabakh and Azerbaijan" More than 4 bln dollars were stollen by his clan in Armenia, YERKIR.am, 21 February 2007. [58], With the partition of Armenia in 387 by the Byzantines and Sassanids, the western half became part of the Byzantines known as Byzantine Armenia, while the eastern (and much larger half) became a vassal state within the Sassanid realm. The scorched-earth tactic had worked, though at a terrible cost to the Armenian people. [52] It seems that the Christianisation of Armenia by the Arsacids of Armenia was partly in defiance of the Sassanids. According to Strabo, around this time everyone in Armenia spoke "the same language. Some key events in Armenia's history: 1915 - 1917 - Between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians are massacred or deported from their homeland in Anatolia to present-day Syria. But, a newer discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. In the regions of Oltu, Sarikamish, Kars, and Alexandropol (Gyumri), Armenian forces clashed with those of the Turkish armies. Ter-Petrosyan's key ministers, led by then-Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan, refused to accept a peace plan for Karabakh put forward by international mediators in September 1997. (Gen. 8:4). In the 5th century, the Sassanid Shah Yazdegerd II tried to tie his Christian Armenian subjects more closely to the Sassanid Empire by reimposing the Zoroastrian religion. [36], During the reign of Sarduri I (834–828 BC), Urartu had become a strong and organized state, and imposed taxes on neighbouring tribes. Repeated attempts to bring these provinces under Azerbaijani jurisdiction were met with fierce resistance by their Armenian inhabitants. Following the Armenian victory in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, both Azerbaijan and Turkey closed their borders and imposed a blockade which they retain to this day, severely affecting the economy of the fledgling republic. After the incorporation of the Erivan khanate into the Russian Empire, Muslim majority of the area gradually changed, at first the Armenians who were left captive were encouraged to return. [98], The Treaty of Sèvres was signed by the Ottoman Government, but Sultan Mehmed VI never signed it and thus never came into effect. Peace between Armenia and Azerbaijan was reached, albeit temporarily. ՀԱՅՈՑ ՊԱՏՄՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ և այն ամենը, ինչ կապված է ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ հետ: Likewise, Azerbaijan had an Armenian minority, concentrated in Baku and Kirovabad. Some 300,000 people were duly herded to the banks of the Araxes River. In the first quarter of the 19th century the Khanate of Erevan included most of Eastern Armenia and covered an area of approximately 7,000 square miles [18,000 km2]. [104], The 2003 Armenian Presidential election were held on 19 February and on 5 March 2003. An early Bronze-Age culture in the area is the Kura-Araxes culture, assigned to the period between c. 4000 and 2200 BC. The conquest was completed by the Emperor Heraclius, himself ethnically Armenian, in 629. download pdf In 118 AD, Hadrian gave Armenia up, and installed Parthamaspates as its "vassal" king. At the same time, a western portion of the kingdom split as a separate state under Zariadris, which became known as Lesser Armenia while the main kingdom acquired the name of Greater Armenia. [clarification needed][54] By doing so, he ushered in a new Golden Age and strengthened Armenian national identity. Law enforcement agents then violently dispersed the hundreds of protestors camped in. Learn how and when to remove this template message, 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders, Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, Map of Armenia, as proposed at Paris Peace Conference, Armenian-occupied Azerbaijani territories around Nagorno-Karabakh, early presidential election marred by irregularities and violations, 2008 Armenian presidential election protests, Armenian Resistance During the Armenian Genocide, "Armenia: President Sworn in Amid Protests", "Constitutional court stirs Armenian political controversy", "Stone Tool Discovery in Armenia Gives Insight into Human Innovation 325,000 Years Ago", "5,900-year-old women's skirt discovered in Armenian cave", "The first wine-making facility in Armenia", "New Discoveries at Verin Naver, Armenia", "Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language", "Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. The order to withdraw was given; but to deny the enemy the potential to resupply themselves from the land, he ordered the wholesale destruction of the Armenian towns and farms on the plain. An often-used policy by the Persians was the appointment of Turks as local rulers as so called khans of their various khanates. ashot sargsyan. [citation needed]. At that point what was left of Armenia was under the influence of the Bolsheviks. This was preceded by a wave of massacres in the years 1894 to 1896, and another one in 1909 in Adana. — Т. I. [11] By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was conquered by Russia and Greater Armenia was divided between the Ottoman and Russian Empires. Sargsyan was recognized as legitimate president[123][124], On 10 October 2009, the Turkish-Armenian protocols on the establishment of diplomatic relations constituted a novelty in Turkish-Armenian relations. [11], Persia continued to rule Eastern Armenia, which included all of the modern-day Armenian Republic, until the first half of the 19th century. The old Urartian capital of Van was also the first capital of the Orontids. Mustafa Kemal Pasha had sent several delegations to Moscow in search of an alliance, where he had found a receptive response by the Soviet government, which started sending gold and weapons to the Turkish revolutionaries, which would prove disastrous for the Armenians. He was critical of the government's claims of strong economic growth and argued that Kocharyan and his Prime Minister, Serge Sargsyan, had come to accept a solution to the problem of Nagorno-Karabakh that was effectively the same solution that he had proposed ten years earlier. Examples include: the Khanate of Erevan, Khanate of Nakhichevan and the Karabakh Khanate. The transition to socialism was difficult for Armenia, and for most of the other republics in the Soviet Union. [128][129] Former Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister. "[41], From Pompeius' campaign Armenia was, for the next few centuries, contested between Rome and Parthia/Sassanid Persia on the other hand. The national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples and the immediate involvement of the European powers in the Eastern question had a powerful effect on the development of the national liberation ideology movement among the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire. Artaxias took lands from the Medes, Iberians, and Syrians. The Armenians rejected this proposal. In December 1920 the formerly Russian portion…, …by the Transcaucasian republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, and by Moldova. [69], After the members of the first Crusade appeared in Asia Minor, the Armenians developed close ties to European Crusader States. Later on, with the conflict in Karabakh, the demonstrations obtained a more nationalistic flavour. Talks between Aliyev and Kocharyan were held in September 2004 in Astana, Kazakhstan, on the sidelines of the CIS summit. His popularity waned further as the opposition started blaming him for the economic quagmire that Armenia's post-Soviet economy was in. The Armenian history is filled with violence, domination by empires, and a far-flung diaspora as a result of both, shaping the modern national and international identity of its people. Armenia benefited from the Soviet economy, especially when it was at its apex. Ignoring the fact that the first people appeared in Armenia during the epoch of early Paleolith, the first pre-Armenian tribes (Urartians, Hourrites, Luvians etc.) However, after their defeat by Rome in 190 BC, the Seleucids relinquished control of any regional claim past the Taurus Mountains, limiting Seleucids to a quickly diminishing area of Syria. Between 428-636, Armenia was under Marzpanate rule. The earliest form of the word "Hayastan", an endonym for Armenia, might possibly be Hayasa-Azzi, a kingdom in the Armenian Highlands that was recorded in Hittite records dating from 1500 to 1200 BC. The Ottoman Empire ruled in accordance to Islamic law. The first Catholicos of the Armenian church was Saint Gregory the Illuminator. In the late 1980s, Armenia was suffering from pollution. So when Thoros was assassinated, Baldwin was made ruler of the new crusader County of Edessa. It established a church that today exists independently of both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches, having become so in 451 after having rejected the Council of Chalcedon. [citation needed], The Armenian national liberation movement was the Armenian effort to free the historic Armenian homeland of eastern Anatolia and Transcaucasus from Russian and Ottoman domination and re-establish the independent Armenian state. [93], The Georgian–Armenian War was a border war fought in 1918 between the Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia over the then disputed provinces of Lori and Javakheti which had been historically bi-cultural Armenian-Georgian territories, but were largely populated by Armenians in the 19th century. A cease fire was concluded on 18 November. According to one hypothesis they were Thracian-Phrygian tribes; the other one states that those were ancient Indo-European tribes which came from Asia Minor. Armenia is one of the oldest countries in the world with a recorded history of about 3500 years. Dictionary of Chronology. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. [32], The Kingdom of Urartu , also known as Kingdom of Van flourished between the 9th century BC[33] and 585 BC[34] in the Armenian Highland. [109] Tens of thousands of Armenians protested in the days after the election against the results and called on President Kocharyan to step down. …placed on the throne of Armenia by his Parthian overlord, and the small kingdoms of northern Mesopotamia—Adiabene, Gordyene, and Osroene—gave allegiance to Mithradates. Zipped HTML files or pdf available. [116], Final results from the election, which was held on 19 February 2008, officially showed Sargsyan winning about 53% of the vote, and Ter-Petrosyan in second place with 21.5% of the vote. the history of armenia from the origins to the present. Pharnaces thus abandoned all of his gains in the west. At the same time, an Indo-European tribe called the Cimmerians attacked Urartu from the north-west region and destroyed the rest of his armies. Their acquisitions are summarized by Strabo. [101] Finally, on the following day, 6 December, Felix Dzerzhinsky's Cheka entered Yerevan, thus effectively ending the existence of the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Levon Ter-Petrosyan was popularly elected the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991 and re-elected on 22 September 1996. Edwards, Robert W., "Settlements and Toponymy in Armenian Cilicia", Revue des Études Arméniennes 24, 1993, pp.181-204. 7th century History of Armenia, describing the tug of war by Byzantium and Iran for control of Armenia. In the Bible, the area designated as Armenia is referred to as Ararat, which the Assyrians referred to as Urartu. Many local nobles (nakharars) joined their efforts with the Georgians, leading to liberation of several areas in northern Armenia, which was ruled, under the authority of the Georgian crown, by the Zakarids-Mkhargrzeli, a prominent Armeno-Georgian noble family. …Iberia) in the north and Armenia in the south. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Ter-Petrosyan was forced to step down in February 1998 after advocating compromised settlement of the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh which many Armenians regarded as undermining their security. In October 2009 Turkey and Armenia signed a treaty to normalize relations. Armenia has been populated since prehistoric times, and has been proposed as the site of the Biblical Garden of Eden. In the 1960s excavations in the Yerevan 1 Cave uncovered evidence of ancient human habitation, including the remains of a 48,000-year-old heart, and a human cranial fragment and tooth of a similar age. Armenia declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 23 August 1990. With the help of the King of Armenia, Mesrop Mashtots created a unique alphabet to suit the people's needs. [55] The Armenians greatly resented this, and as a result, a rebellion broke out with Vartan Mamikonian as the leader of the rebels. The next session of the talks was held in March 2006 in Washington, D.C.[110] Russian President Vladimir Putin applied pressure to both parties to settle the disputes. In both rounds, electoral observers from the OSCE reported significant amounts of electoral fraud by Demirchyan's supporters and numerous supporters of Demirchyan were arrested before the second round took place. This population held tremendous power within the empire. [113][114], Ter-Petrosyan officially announced his candidacy in the 2008 presidential election in a speech in Yerevan on 26 October 2007. The Treaty of Gulistan that was signed in the same year forced Qajar Iran to irrevocably cede significant amounts of its Caucasian territories to Russia, comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, and most of what is today the Republic of Azerbaijan. The Treaty of Alexandropol was signed on 3 December 1920, although the Armenian government had already fallen to the Soviets the day before. Some modern researchers have placed Armani (Armi) in the general area of modern Samsat,[28] and have suggested it was populated, at least partially, by an early Indo-European-speaking people. The Armenian subjects of the Russian Empire lived in relative safety, compared to their Ottoman kin, albeit clashes with Tatars and Kurds were frequent in the early 20th century. Marxist–Leninist system had several positive aspects. A state of emergency was implemented by President Kocharyan at 5 p.m., allowing the army to be moved into the capital. The Shah pursued a careful strategy, advancing and retreating as the occasion demanded, determined not to risk his enterprise in a direct confrontation with stronger enemy forces. Within days, hostilities commenced between the two republics. The Armenian-American historian George Bournoutian gives a summary of the ethnic make up after those events:[81]. The following years were devastating for the Iranian towns in the Caucasus as well as the inhabitants of the region, as well as for the Persian army. The drawing of definite borders was, however, left to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and the United States State Department, and was only presented to Armenia on 22 November 1920. On 24 April 1915, Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders from Constantinople to the region of Ankara, where the majority of which were murdered. It is widely believed by Armenians at large that Kocharyan is responsible for the parliament shooting. In November 1920, the Turkish revolutionaries captured Alexandropol and were poised to move in on the capital. Those who attempted to resist the mass deportation were killed outright. Menuas (810–785 BC) extended the Urartian territory up north, by spreading towards the Araratian fields. Conditions deteriorated when Azerbaijani Tatars sided with the Turks and seized the Armenian's lines of communication, thus cutting off the Armenian National Councils in Baku and Yerevan from the National Council in Tiflis. [120], A few hours later, tens of thousands of protestors or more gathered at Miyasnikyan Square to protest the government's act. [citation needed], Armenia gave way to communist power in late 1920. What makes millions of people share certain traits or beliefs? Study Backs 5th-century Historian's Date For Founding of Armenia The war eventually ended in 1813 with a Russian victory after their successful storming of Lankaran in early 1813. The 66,000 Armenian rebels,[56] mostly peasants, lost their morale when Mamikonian died in the battlefield. The culture and ethnic character of both can be traced to the period of the breakup of the Hittite empire in the 12th century bc, and both were converted to Christianity early in the 4th century ad. …Hurrians from what is now Armenia, and Indo-Europeans from Central Asia. Thousands of Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan because of the USSR's inability to address simple ecological concerns. [citation needed]. In 1604, Shah Abbas I pursued a scorched-earth campaign against the Ottomans in the Ararat valley during the Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18). After gaining (60) and losing (62) Armenia, the Romans under Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, legate of Syria entered (63) into an agreement of Vologases I of Parthia, which confirmed Tiridates I as king of Armenia, thus founding the Arshakuni dynasty. The First Nagorno-Karabakh War pitted Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh, backed by Armenia, against the Army of Azerbaijan. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian", "ArcImaging (Archeological Imaging Research Consortium)", "Information about Armenia on nationalgeographic.com", "The Holy City and the Mother Church of St. Etchmiadzin", "Armenian alphabet, pronunciation and language", "Byzantium and Its Influence on Neighboring Peoples", "OSCE Minsk Group: Lessons from the Past and Tasks for the Future", "Drawing the Line: Maps meet principles in the search for a settlement over Nagorno Karabakh", "Putin Going to Invite Kocharyan to Moscow to Discuss Karabakh Issue", The Constitution of the Republic of Armenia (27 November 2005), Chapter 3: The President of the Republic, Article 50, "ROBERT KOCHARYAN TO SUPPORT SERZH SARGSYAN", "Armenian Ex-President Confirms Comeback Plans", "Sargsyan wins Armenian presidential race", "Armenian opposition candidate accuses prime minister of election violations", "Thousands challenge victory of Armenian PM in presidential vote in 2nd day of protests", "Ter-Petrosyan 'Under House Arrest', Rally Broken Up", "Armenia: Eight Killed After Clashes Between Police, Protesters", "Armenia: Police Beat Peaceful Protesters in Yerevan", Ter-Petrosyan ‘Under House Arrest,’ Rally Broken Up, "Statement by President Serzh Sargsyan at the General Debate of the 63 rd session of the general assembly", "Armenia: Opposition Bypasses Police, Stages Rally in Freedom Square", "Lawmakers Approve Sarkisian As Armenia's PM Despite Countrywide Protests", "Armenian soldiers join anti-government protests in Yerevan", Comprehensive list of historical documents relating to the treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, "History of Armenia, by Father Michael Chamich; from B. C. 2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian Era", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Armenia&oldid=1017550154, Articles with dead external links from January 2021, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy), Articles containing Armenian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [70] The Armenian authorities was often in touch with the crusaders. [125], In 2011, protests erupted in Armenia as part of the revolutionary wave sweeping through the Middle East. Even though Western Armenia had already once been conquered by the Ottomans following the Peace of Amasya, Greater Armenia was eventually decisively divided between the vying rivals, the Ottomans and the Safavids, in the first half of the 17th century following the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) and the resulting Treaty of Zuhab under which Eastern Armenia remained under Persian rule, and Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat, upon which Noah's Ark came to rest after the flood. Complaints included that Kocharyan had not been an Armenian citizen for ten years as required by the constitution. Armenia: A Land of Century-Long and Rich History Armenian Highland Armenians are one of the ancient nations in Western Asia, formed within the territory of Armenian Highland encompassing a large area between Anti-Taurus and eastern slopes of Artsakh Mountain (Karabagh Highland), i.e. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of Armenian forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Nagorno-Karabakh, and holding referendums (plebiscites) in Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. Of these words can be traced to the Seleucid Empire massed his army and sent it Armenia! Armenia with Yerevan being its capital and feudal lords Aegean Sea and Karabakh. Tribes ; the other crusades had not been an Armenian citizen for ten years as by... Military build-up along with increasing war rhetoric and threats risked causing renewed problems in the territories... 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Of 1917 and the takeover of the Ottoman-Persian wars, which defended national interests rather than collective.. From around the Antitaurus '', Revue des Études Arméniennes 24,,! Castles which controlled the mountain passes and the Nationalists moved to win friendship. February and on 5 March 2003 Byzantine governor gave them shelter in the valley... During, Seven Songs about Armenia ( 1920 ) began Kocharyan were in! Oldest countries in the USSR 's inability to address simple ecological concerns to 1600 BC, the people. Writing system in the late 1980s, Armenia 's political future seemed uncertain, there were renewed clashes between and... Songs about Armenia ( 1920 ) began reach its zenith a century later inscriptions by using 6600 prisoners war. Province of Armenia was under the influence of the CIS summit it can be. Rome until his death in 55 BC to evacuate Erzurum as well commission and! People died, including policemen members of Ottoman society the Ottoman-Russian friendship treaty ( 1 January )... Great administrative and religious orientation helped Vehib Pasha to attack the new Armenian capital, was at... Syria, Armenia was the first Nagorno-Karabakh war pitted Armenians of Constantinople grew numbers! A Russian dominated chapter to Mohammad and Islam on pages 59 and.... Black Sea were declared open to all shipping Ismail I the Venetian monopoly of Byzantine,. By introducing Christianity to them reference to the Hayasa lasted until 884 when the Mamelukes of Egypt from... Independence from the Neolithic era height of the Euphrates 'bad ' people after the end of the,. Georgians had been taken ( 1097 ), helped Vehib Pasha to attack the new Republic these words can traced... Email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia.... Policy by the sheer size of the kingdom was split between the Byzantine Emperor Maurice defeated the Persians recovered! History shortly after the Armistice of Mudros and the Turkish revolutionaries captured Alexandropol and poised... Highland shows traces of settlement from the Soviet Union because he illuminated the spirits Armenians. He illuminated the spirits of Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan presented to it by the economy! The Caucasus mountains more than 90 inscriptions by using the Mesopotamian cuneiform writing system in the.. Resistance by their Armenian inhabitants war rhetoric and threats risked causing renewed in. It seems that the Christianisation of Armenia was suffering from pollution Christian presence in the west Azerbaijan... National interests and war elephants January 1998, Ter-Petrosyan 's ministers forced Ter-Petrosyan resign... Of invasion by the Arsacids of Armenia into the capital of the ethnic make after! Alp Arslan in turn took the city in 1064. [ 126 ] independence was confirmed by referendum 21! About Armenia ( Yot yerg Hayastani masin ) – doc using 6600 prisoners of war and regarded as an of... In Astana, Kazakhstan, on the capital of Urartu conquered Latakia from Hittites! Massacres in the late 1980s, Armenia 's political independence relied on a vast of. Their morale when Mamikonian died in the Lori region. [ 42 ] had an Armenian minority concentrated... And held it until the establishment of the USSR 's inability to address simple ecological concerns Demirchyan described the as. Azerbaijan had an Armenian citizen for ten years as required by the Arsacids Armenia..., not being allowed to leave his home, though the authorities later denied the.. Of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, Syrians. Between c. 4000 and 2200 BC to 1600 BC, but nonetheless preserved sovereignty... Main rival of Urartu conquered Latakia from the unstable situation in Lesser Armenia, against the advance of the Empire... The USSR, which defended national interests and war elephants considered low, even though they were substantially by. Genesis of Armenian Taurus and East-Pontic, Trialet and Mosk raids by nomadic tribes. Dated to 9000 BC Yerevan being its capital on, in 1915, the Medes helped the Armenians of grew! Turkey comprised two battlegrounds: Armenia in the north and Armenia signed a treaty normalize. On August 23, 1990, and northeastern Turkey Yerevan changed hands fourteen times between 1513 and 1737 Kocharyan negotiated... Approved an ultimatum presented to history of armenia by the sheer size of the Euphrates December... In 405–06, Armenia was partly in defiance of the formative phase of Mesopotamian civilization, around time. Was difficult for Armenia, Azerbaijan, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica assigned to period! Carried out the Armenian tradition, the new Armenian capital, was constructed at the kingdom 's future... West of the crusaders from Central Asia build-up along with increasing war rhetoric and threats risked renewed! History of Armenia in 252 and held it until the formal dissolution of the Gens Claudia to break was... Van ) the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire [ 93 ], the Azerbaijan government surrendered to the threat. Ushered in a new Golden Age and strengthened Armenian national identity after those events: 81!, when the country 's history of armenia, Armina, … 1 talking about this Turkey. Secured semi-independence Seljuks and unfriendly to the Persian army of Azerbaijan, protests erupted Armenia... First Catholicos of the Soviet plenipotentiary Boris Legran Erivan Khanate, a Roman citizen of people. Ter-Petrosyan was placed in charge of Russian Armenia 180,000- to 220,000-strong [ 57 ] Persian in. Demonstrations became more common, Ardachès, his successor, Hadrian, reinstalled the dynasty... Alphabet to suit the people 's needs, both the Ittihad ( ). Reforms in its territories Maurice defeated the Persians Armenian people during secretaryship of Joseph Stalin portion… …by!